BPC-157 Meds

PANEL.A / LITERATURE

Full reference list

All citations used across this site, organized by reference number. Links go directly to PubMed, PMC, and journal sources.

About the evidence base

The BPC-157 research record has several structural features worth understanding before reading the citations below.

Primary research concentration: A large proportion of the preclinical work — particularly the musculoskeletal, gastric, neural, and cardiac model studies — originates from a single research group led by Predrag Sikiric and Sven Seiwerth at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. This concentration is frequently noted in systematic reviews and narrative reviews as a limitation. Independent replication is growing but remains limited.

Publication venue distribution: Much of the preclinical literature appeared in the Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Journal of Physiology-Paris, World Journal of Gastroenterology, and Biomedicines. More recent work has appeared in Frontiers in Pharmacology, Medicina, Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, and HSS Journal — a pattern suggesting wider clinical and regulatory interest.

Evidence tiers represented: The 22 citations include: individual preclinical studies (in vivo rodent/rabbit/dog models and in vitro cell culture), formal pharmacokinetics studies, anti-doping metabolite characterization, systematic reviews, narrative reviews, and expert commentary. Three human pilot studies are included — all small, uncontrolled.

The Pliva Phase 2 gap: A Phase 2 IBD trial using oral BPC-157 (PL 14736) was conducted by Pliva (Croatia). Its results were never published in peer-reviewed literature. This gap is noted in several of the reviews below and represents the most significant missing piece of the human evidence record.

All outbound links below go to PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), PubMed Central (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), or journal DOI pages. No links go to other sites in this domain portfolio.

  1. Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(5):982-989. ↗
  2. Staresinic M, Sebecic B, Patrlj L, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  3. Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Enhances the Growth Hormone Receptor Expression in Tendon Fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19(11):19066-19077. ↗
  4. Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. J Orthop Res. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. ↗
  5. Brcic L, Brcic I, Staresinic M, Novinscak T, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S. Modulatory effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on angiogenesis in muscle and tendon healing. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;60(Suppl 7):191-196. ↗
  6. Japjec M, Horvat Pavlov K, Petrovic I, Staresinic M, Jakir A, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy for the Disable Myotendinous Junctions in Rats. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1547. ↗
  7. Duzel A, Vlainic J, Antunovic M, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in the treatment of colitis and ischemia and reperfusion in rats: New insights. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(48):8465-8488. ↗
  8. Xue XC, Wu YJ, Gao MT, et al. Protective effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on gastric ulcer in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10(7):1032-1036. ↗
  9. Sikiric P, Separovic J, Buljat G, et al. The antidepressant effect of an antiulcer pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in Porsolt's test and chronic unpredictable stress in rats. J Physiol Paris. 2000;94(2):99-104. ↗
  10. Perovic D, Kolenc D, Bilic V, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 can improve the healing course of spinal cord injury and lead to functional recovery in rats. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019;14(1):199. ↗
  11. Perovic D, et al. Novel Therapeutic Effects in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries: Recovery of the Definitive and Early Spinal Cord Injury by the Administration of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(5):1901-1927. ↗
  12. Barisic I, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Counteract Myocardial Infarction Induced by Isoprenaline in Rats. Biomedicines. 2022;10(2):265. ↗
  13. Sebecic B, et al. Osteogenic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the healing of segmental bone defect in rabbits: a comparison with bone marrow and autologous cortical bone implantation. Bone. 1999;24(3):195-202. ↗
  14. Demirtas H, Ozer A, Yildirim AK, et al. Protective Effects of BPC 157 on Liver, Kidney, and Lung Distant Organ Damage in Rats with Experimental Lower-Extremity Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Medicina (Kaunas). 2025;61(2):291. ↗
  15. Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:627533. ↗
  16. McGuire FP, Martinez R, Lenz A, Skinner L, Cushman DM. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;18(12):611-619. ↗
  17. Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, Apostolakos JM. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS Journal. 2025. ↗
  18. Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30(10):12-17. ↗
  19. Tian T, Jing J, Li Y, Wang Y, Deng X, Shan Y. Stable Isotope Labeling-Based Nontargeted Strategy for Characterization of the In Vitro Metabolic Profile of a Novel Doping BPC-157 in Doping Control by UHPLC-HRMS. Molecules. 2023;28(21):7345. ↗
  20. He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. ↗
  21. Whitehouse M. Concerning BPC-157, a natural pentadecapeptide, that acts as a cytoprotectant and is believed to protect the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Inflammopharmacology. 2025;33(8):4879-4881. ↗
  22. Prkacin I, Aralica G, Perovic D, et al. Portal hypertension and liver lesions in chronically alcohol drinking rats prevented and reversed by stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL-10, PLD-116), and propranolol, but not ranitidine. J Physiol Paris. 2001;95(1-6):315-324. ↗
  23. Lee E, Burgess K. Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2025. ↗
  24. Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95(3):323-333. ↗
  25. Author group. BPC 157 Therapy: Targeting Angiogenesis and Nitric Oxide's Cytotoxic and Damaging Actions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(10):1450. ↗
  26. Tohyama Y, Sikirić P, Diksic M. Effects of pentadecapeptide BPC157 on regional serotonin synthesis in the rat brain: alpha-methyltryptophan autoradiographic measurements. Life Sci. 2004;76(4):345-357. ↗
  27. Boban Blagaic A, Turudic T, Pelus I, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 effective against serotonin syndrome in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;512(3):173-179. ↗
  28. Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021. ↗